UNIX/Linux 系統管理技術手冊閱讀（二）

2016.8.10 20:00-21:20

1.1.3 Performing backups

1.1.3 執行備份

  Performing backups is perhaps the most important job of the system administrator, and it is also the job that is most often ignored or sloppily done. Backups are time consuming and boring, but they are absolutely necessary. Backups can be automated and delegated to an underling, but it is still the system administrator’s job to make sure that backups are executed correctly and on schedule (and that the resulting media can actually be used to restore files). 

  執行備份可能是系統管理員最重要的工作了這也是經常被忽視或者不經心去做的工作。備份工作耗時且單調但又絕對必要。備份可以自動進行且能授權給下屬去做但系統管理員仍然要確保備份工作在按時正解進行備份介質確實可以恢復出原文件來。

單詞

perhaps                 或許也許可能

most often              最經常很多時候通常來說

ignored                 忽略不顧

sloppily                粗心地

consuming               消耗

boring                  無聊的令人厭煩的

absolutely necessary    絕對必要

automated               自動化的機械化的

delegated               授權

underling               下屬部下走卒

still                   仍然但是盡管如此

executed correctly      正確執行

on schedule             按時按照預定時間

resulting               作為結果的

actually                實際上事實上

1.1.4 Installing and upgrading software 

1.1.4 安裝和軟件更新

  When new software is acquired, it must be installed and tested, often under several operating systems and on several types of hardware. Once the software is working correctly, users must be informed of its availability and location. As patches and security updates are released, they must be incorporated smoothly into the local environment. 

  在獲得新軟件以后必須安裝并測試它而且經常要在幾種類型的操作系統和硬件下進行安裝和測試。一旦軟件能夠正常工作還要告訴用戶這個軟件的位置。在補丁和安全升級發布出來的同時也必須平穩地將它融入到本地環境里。

  Local software and administrative scripts should be properly packaged and managed in a fashion that’s compatible with the native upgrade procedures used on systems at your site. As this software evolves, new releases should be staged for testing before being deployed to the entire site. 

  應該把本地軟件和管理腳本正確地打包和管理使之適用于本地系統自身采取的升級機制。隨著該軟件向前發展新的發布版本應該先安排測試然后再部署到整個站點上去。

單詞

acquired               取得捕獲

correctly              正確地得體地

informed               通知

released               釋放release的過去式已發布

incorporated           合并的

smoothly               平穩地平滑地流暢地流利地

into the               融入

environment            環境外界

properly               適當地正確地恰當地

managed                管理

in a fashion           馬馬虎虎勉強多少還…一點

compatible             兼容的能共處的可并立的

native upgrade         本地升級

procedures             程序規程

evolves                發展進化進展

releases               釋放豁免

Be staged              測試表演 

1.1.5 Monitoring the system 

1.1.5 監視系統

  Large installations require vigilant supervision. Don’t expect users to report problems to you unless the issues are severe. Working around a problem is usually faster than taking the time to document and report it, so users often follow the path of least resistance. 

  大型的部署環境需要時刻進行監視。除非事態嚴重否則不要指望用戶向系統管理員報告問題。比起花時間寫說明報告問題繞過問題通常要快得多所以用戶往往怎么省事怎么來。

  Regularly ensure that email and web services are working correctly, watch log files for early signs of trouble, make sure that local networks are properly connected, and keep an eye on the availability of system resources such as disk space. All of these chores are excellent opportunities for automation, and a variety of off-theshelf monitoring systems can help sysadmins with this task. 

  定期做檢查確保電子郵件和Web服務正常運行查看日志文件掌握故障出現的早期跡象確保本地網絡都連接正常監視系統資源如磁盤空間的可用性所有這些工作都很有可能自動執行各種各樣現成的監視系統能夠幫助系統管理員完成這項任務。

單詞

installations           系統設施裝置

require                 需要要求命令

vigilant                警惕的警醒的注意的警戒的

supervision             監督管理

least                   最小

resistance              阻力電阻抵抗反抗抵抗力

regularly               定期地有規律地整齊地勻稱地

early signs             早期病征 早期癥狀 早期表現 

chores                  困難的工作

excellent               卓越的極好的杰出的

opportunities           有可能因素機會[數] 機遇

a variety of            種種各種各樣的…

off the shelf           現成的不用定制的

2016.8.11 16:30-17:30

1.1.6 Troubleshooting

1.1.6 故障診斷

  System failures are inevitable. It is the administrator’s job to play mechanic by

diagnosing problems and calling in experts if needed. Finding the problem is often harder than fixing it.

  系統發生故障在所難免在必要時請來專家排除故障等都成了管理員的工作職責。找出問題往往比修復難上十倍。

單詞

system failures        系統發生故障 制度失靈 系統故障 

inevitable             不可避免的

mechanic               技工機修工

Diagnosing Problems   診斷問題 

call in                召集召來

experts                專家人才expert的復數形式

fixing it              處理修復

1.1.7 Maintaining local documentation

1.1.7 維護本地文檔

  As a system is changed to suit an organization’s needs, it begins to differ from the plain-vanilla system described by the documentation. Since the system administrator is responsible for making these customizations, it’s also the sysadmin’s duty to document the changes. This chore includes documenting where cables are run and how they are constructed, keeping maintenance records for all hardware, recording the status of backups, and documenting local procedures and policies.

  系統為適合單位的需要而逐漸改造隨著改造的進行該系統便開始變得和文檔當初所描述的那個基本系統不一樣。既然系統管理員負責做這些定制工作那么寫文檔講清楚變化也是管理員的職責。這項職責包括把電纜的走線位置、電纜連接方式等信息寫入文檔保留所有硬件的維護記錄記錄備份的狀態編寫本地處理過程和策略的文檔等。

單詞

maintaining          維護保養

suit                   適合使適應

maintenance records    維修記錄 維護記錄

recording              記錄

documenting            編寫 記錄 記載 文件制作 

procedures             過程程序規程

1.1.8 Vigilantly monitoring security

1.1.8 時刻警惕系統安全

  The system administrator must implement a security policy and periodically check to be sure that the security of the system has not been violated. On lowsecurity systems, this chore might involve only a few basic checks for unauthorized access. On a high-security system, it can include an elaborate network of traps and auditing programs.

  系統管理員必須實施某種安全策略并且做定期檢查確保系統安全沒有受到侵害。在安全要求低的系統上這項工作任務可能僅僅包括對非授權訪問進行粗略的檢查。在安全高的系統上這可能包括仔細布置由陷阱和程序構建的監視網。

單詞

vigilantly             警惕地警覺地留心地

periodically check     定期檢查

not been violated      不被侵犯

chore                  繁瑣零工

might                  力量威力勢力可以

involve                包含牽涉使陷于潛心于

basic checks           基本檢查

unauthorized           非法的未被授權的未授權的動作

an elaborate network   監視網一個精心設計的網絡

traps                  陷阱

auditing             審計

1.1.9 Fire fighting

1.1.9 救火

  Although helping users with their various problems is rarely included in a system

administrator’s job description, it claims a significant portion of most administrators’ workdays. System administrators are bombarded with problems ranging

from “It worked yesterday and now it doesn’t! What did you change?” to “I spilled coffee on my keyboard! Should I pour water on it to wash it out?”

  盡管在系統管理員工作的規定范圍之內很少會包括幫助用戶解決各種問題但對于大多數系統管理員而主這通常占據了他們日常工作的很大一部分。系統管理員往往遭到形形×××問題的狂轟濫炸問題從“我的程序昨天正常工作了今天卻不干活了您改變了什么”到“我把咖啡灑到鍵盤上了我應該把水倒到鍵盤上洗掉咖啡么”

  In most cases, your response to these issues affects your perceived value as an

administrator far more than does any actual technical skill you might possess. You

can either howl at the injustice of it all, or you can delight in the fact that a single well-handled trouble ticket scores as many brownie points as five hours of midnight debugging. You pick!

  在大部分情況下系統管理員對這些事情的響應要比他可能具備的任何實際技術技能更能夠讓人感覺到他作為一個系統管理員的價值所在。要么對此憤憤不平要么就欣然接受這樣的事實深更半夜花5個小時調試問題和妥善處理一張故障工單相比在績效評定上都一樣。

單詞

Although              盡管雖然但是然而

various               各種各樣的多方面的

rarely included       很少會包括

job description       工作描述 職位描述 工作說明 

significant portion   很大一部分 

bombarded with        狂轟濫炸

problems ranging      等一系列問題 

spilled               溢出 覆水難收 潑灑

pour water            倒水

response to           對……的回答對……的反應

perceived value       感知價值知覺價值

far more than         遠遠超過多得多的

actual technical skill   實際的技能

might                 可能也許

possess               擁有具備

howl                  咆哮怒吼狂吠

delight in            因…感到快樂喜歡 取樂 欣喜 

fact                  事實實際真相

well-handled          妥善處理

trouble ticket        故障報告表

You pick              你接受