怎么在JavaScript中使用Canvas實現一個拖拽繪圖功能

怎么在JavaScript中使用Canvas實現一個拖拽繪圖功能？針對這個問題，這篇文章詳細介紹了相對應的分析和解答，希望可以幫助更多想解決這個問題的小伙伴找到更簡單易行的方法。

一、實現的功能

1、基于oop思想構建，支持坐標點、線條（由坐標點組成，包含方向）、多邊形（由多個坐標點組成）、圓形（包含圓心坐標點和半徑）等實體

2、原生JavaScript實現，不依賴任何第三方js庫和插件

3、多圖形繪制（支持畫筆、線條、箭頭、三角形、矩形、平行四邊形、梯形以及多邊形和圓形繪制）

4、拖拽式繪制（鼠標移動過程中不斷進行canvas重繪）

5、圖片繪制（作為背景圖片時重繪會發生閃爍現象，暫時有點問題，后面繼續完善）

5、清空繪制功能

6、新版本優化繪制性能（使用共享坐標變量數組，減少了大量的對象創建操作）

7、新版本支持箭頭繪制功能

二、完整實現代碼

DrawingTools =(function(){
//公共方法
      var getDom=function(id){return document.getElementById(id)};
      var isNull=function(s){return s==undefined||typeof(s)=='undefined'||s==null||s=='null'||s==''||s.length<1};
      var hideDefRM=function(){document.oncontextmenu=function(){return false}};//屏蔽瀏覽器默認鼠標事件
      /**繪圖容器*/
      var cbtCanvas;
      /**繪圖對象*/
      var cxt;
      /**繪制的圖形列表*/
      var shapes=new Array();
      var graphkind={'cursor':0,'pen':1,'line':2,'trian':3,'rect':4,'poly':5,'circle':6,'arrow':21,'parallel':41,'trapezoid':42};
      //背景圖片繪制配置
      var bgPictureConfig={
        pic:null,//背景圖片地址或路徑
        repaint:true,//是否作為永久背景圖，每次清除時會進行重繪
      };
      //加載并繪制圖片(src:圖片路徑或地址),默認重繪背景圖
      var loadPicture=function(src){
        if(isNull(bgPictureConfig.repaint)||bgPictureConfig.repaint){bgPictureConfig.pic=src}
        var img = new Image();
        img.onload = function(){cxt.drawImage(img,0,0)}
        img.src =src;
      }
      //繪圖基礎配置
      var paintConfig={lineWidth:1,//線條寬度，默認1
        strokeStyle:'red',//畫筆顏色，默認紅色
        fillStyle:'red',//填充色
        lineJoin:"round",//線條交角樣式，默認圓角
        lineCap:"round",//線條結束樣式，默認圓角
      };
      //重新載入繪制樣式
      var resetStyle=function(){
        cxt.strokeStyle=paintConfig.strokeStyle;
        cxt.lineWidth=paintConfig.lineWidth;
        cxt.lineJoin=paintConfig.lineJoin;
        cxt.lineCap=paintConfig.lineCap;
        cxt.fillStyle=paintConfig.fillStyle;
      }
      //鼠標圖形
      var cursors=['crosshair','pointer'];
      /** 切換鼠標樣式*/
      var switchCorser=function(b){
        cbtCanvas.style.cursor=((isNull(b)?isDrawing():b)?cursors[0]:cursors[1]);
      }
      //操作控制變量組
      var ctrlConfig={
        kind:0,//當前繪畫分類
        isPainting:false,//是否開始繪制
        startPoint:null,//起始點
        cuGraph:null,//當前繪制的圖像
        cuPoint:null,//當前臨時坐標點，確定一個坐標點后重新構建
        cuAngle:null,//當前箭頭角度
        vertex:[],//坐標點
      }
      /**獲取當前坐標點*/
      var getCuPoint=function(i){
        return ctrlConfig.cuPoint[i];
      }
      /**設置當前坐標點*/
      var setCuPoint=function(p,i){
        return ctrlConfig.cuPoint[i]=p;
      }
      /**設置當前臨時坐標點值*/
      var setCuPointXY=function(x,y,i){
        if(isNull(ctrlConfig.cuPoint)){
          var arr=new Array();
          arr[i]=new Point(x,y);
          ctrlConfig.cuPoint=arr;
        }else if(isNull(ctrlConfig.cuPoint[i])){
          setCuPoint(new Point(x,y),i);
        }else{
          ctrlConfig.cuPoint[i].setXY(x,y);
        }
        return getCuPoint(i);
      }
      /**是否正在繪制*/
      var isDrawing=function (){
        return ctrlConfig.isPainting;
      }
      /**開始繪制狀態*/
      var beginDrawing=function(){
        ctrlConfig.isPainting=true;
      }
      /**結束繪制狀態*/
      var stopDrawing=function(){
        ctrlConfig.isPainting=false;
      }
      /**是否有開始坐標點*/
      var hasStartPoint=function(){
        return !isNull(ctrlConfig.startPoint);
      }
      /**設置當前繪制的圖形*/
      var setCuGraph=function(g){
        ctrlConfig.cuGraph=g;
      }
      /**獲取當前繪制的圖形*/
      var getCuGraph=function(){
        return ctrlConfig.cuGraph;
      }
      /**設置開始坐標點（線條的起始點，三角形的頂點，圓形的圓心，四邊形的左上角或右下角，多邊形的起始點）*/
      var setStartPoint=function(p){
        ctrlConfig.startPoint=p;
      }
      /**獲取開始坐標點*/
      var getStartPoint=function(){
        return ctrlConfig.startPoint;
      }
      /**清空全部*/
      var clearAll=function(){
        cxt.clearRect(0,0,cbtCanvas.width,cbtCanvas.height);
      }
      /**重繪*/
      var repaint=function(){
        clearAll();
        /*
        if(bgPictureConfig.repaint){
          loadPicture(bgPictureConfig.pic);
        }*/
      }
      /**點（坐標,繪圖的基本要素,包含x,y坐標）*/
      var Point=(function(x1,y1){
        var x=x1,y=y1;
        return{
          set:function(p){
            x=p.x,y=p.y;
          },
          setXY:function(x2,y2){
            x=x2;y=y2;
          },
          setX:function(x3){
            x=x3;
          },
          setY:function(y3){
            y=y3;
          },
          getX:function(){
            return x;
          },
          getY:function(){
            return y;
          }
        }
      });
      /**多角形（三角形、矩形、多邊形），由多個點組成*/
      var Poly=(function(ps1){
        var ps=isNull(ps1)?new Array():ps1;
        var size=ps.length;
        return{
          set:function(ps2){
            ps=ps2;
          },
          getSize:function(){
            return size;
          },
          setPoint:function(p,i){
            if(isNull(p)&&isNaN(i)){
              return;
            }
            ps[i]=p;
          },
          setStart:function(p1){
            if(isNull(ps)){
              ps=new Array();
              return ps.push(p1);
            }else{
              ps[0]=p1;
            }
          },
          add:function(p){
            if(isNull(ps)){
              ps=new Array();
            }
            return ps.push(p);
          },
          pop:function(){
            if(isNull(ps)){
              return;
            }
            return ps.pop();
          },
          shift:function(){
            if(isNull(ps)){
              return;
            }
            return ps.shift;
          },
          get:function(){
            if(isNull(ps)){
              return null;
            }
            return ps;
          },
          draw:function(){
            cxt.beginPath();
            for(i in ps){
              if(i==0){
                cxt.moveTo(ps[i].getX(),ps[i].getY());
              }else{
                cxt.lineTo(ps[i].getX(),ps[i].getY());
              }
            }
            cxt.closePath();
            cxt.stroke();
          }
        }
      });
      /*線條(由兩個點組成，包含方向)*/
      var Line=(function(p1,p2,al){
        var start=p1,end=p2,angle=al;
        var drawLine=function(){
          cxt.beginPath();
          cxt.moveTo(p1.getX(),p1.getY());
          cxt.lineTo(p2.getX(),p2.getY());
          cxt.stroke();
        }
        //畫箭頭
        var drawArrow=function() {
          var vertex =ctrlConfig.vertex;
          var x1=p1.getX(),y1=p1.getY(),x2=p2.getX(),y2=p2.getY();
          var el=50,al=15;
          //計算箭頭底邊兩個點（開始點，結束點，兩邊角度，箭頭角度）
          vertex[0] = x1,vertex[1] = y1, vertex[6] = x2,vertex[7] = y2;
          //計算起點坐標與X軸之間的夾角角度值
          var angle = Math.atan2(y2 - y1, x2 - x1) / Math.PI * 180;
          var x = x2 - x1,y = y2 - y1,length = Math.sqrt(Math.pow(x, 2) + Math.pow(y, 2));
          if (length < 250) {
            el/=2,al/2;
          }else if(length<500){
            el*=length/500,al*=length/500;
          }
          vertex[8] = x2 - el * Math.cos(Math.PI / 180 * (angle + al));
          vertex[9] = y2- el * Math.sin(Math.PI / 180 * (angle + al));
          vertex[4] = x2- el* Math.cos(Math.PI / 180 * (angle - al));
          vertex[5] = y2 - el * Math.sin(Math.PI / 180 * (angle - al));
          //獲取另外兩個頂點坐標
          x=(vertex[4]+vertex[8])/2,y=(vertex[5]+vertex[9])/2;
          vertex[2] = (vertex[4] + x) / 2;
          vertex[3] = (vertex[5] + y) / 2;
          vertex[10] = (vertex[8] +x) / 2;
          vertex[11] = (vertex[9] +y) / 2;
          //計算完成,開始繪制
          cxt.beginPath();
          cxt.moveTo(vertex[0], vertex[1]);
          cxt.lineTo(vertex[2], vertex[3]);
          cxt.lineTo(vertex[4], vertex[5]);
          cxt.lineTo(vertex[6], vertex[7]);
          cxt.lineTo(vertex[8], vertex[9]);
          cxt.lineTo(vertex[10], vertex[11]);
          cxt.closePath();
          cxt.fill();
          cxt.stroke();
        }
        return{
          setStart:function(s){
            start=s;
          },
          setEnd:function(e){
            end=e;
          },
          getStart:function(){
            return start;
          },
          getEnd:function(){
            return end;
          },
          draw:function(){
            if(angle){
              drawArrow();
            }else{
              drawLine();
            }
          }
        }
      });
      /**圓形(包含圓心點和半徑)*/
      var Circle=(function(arr){
        //包含起始點（圓心）和結束點,以及圓半徑
        var startPoint=arr.start,endPoint=arr.end,radius=arr.radius;
        /*繪制圓*/
        var drawCircle=function(){
          cxt.beginPath();
          var x=startPoint.getX();
          var y=startPoint.getY();
          if(isNull(radius)){
            radius=calculateRadius(startPoint,endPoint);
          }
          //x,y,半徑,開始點,結束點,順時針/逆時針
          cxt.arc(x,y,radius,0,Math.PI*2,false); // 繪制圓
          cxt.stroke();
        }
        //計算圓半徑
        var calculateRadius=function(p1,p2){
          var width=p2.getX()-p1.getX();
          var height=p2.getY()-p1.getY();
          //如果是負數
          if(width<0||height<0){
            width=Math.abs(width);
          }
          //計算兩點距離=平方根(width^2+height^2)
          c=Math.sqrt(Math.pow(width,2)+Math.pow(height,2));
          return c;
        }
        return{
          set:function(params){
            startPoint=params.start;
            endPoint=params.end;
            radius=params.radius;
          },
          setPoint:function(p1){
            p=p1;
          },
          getPoint:function(){
            return p;
          },
          setRadius:function(r1){
            radius=r1;
          },
          getRadius:function(){
            return radius;
          },
          calcRadius:calculateRadius,
          //繪制
          draw:drawCircle,
        }
      });
      /**繪制線條工具方法*/
      var drawLine=function(p){
        cxt.beginPath();
        cxt.moveTo(startPosition.getX(),startPosition.getY());
        cxt.lineTo(p.getX(),p.getY());
        cxt.stroke();
      }
      /**繪制三角形工具方法*/
      var drawTrian=function(ps){
        cxt.beginPath();
        var a=ps.get();
        cxt.moveTo(a[0].getX(),a[0].getY());
        cxt.lineTo(a[1].getX(),a[1].getY());
        cxt.lineTo(a[2].getX(),a[2].getY());
        cxt.closePath();
        cxt.stroke();
      }
      /**繪制矩形工具方法*/
      var drawRect=function(p2){
        var p=getStartPoint();
        var width=p.getX()-p2.getX();
        var height=p.getY()-p2.getY();
        cxt.beginPath();
        cxt.strokeRect(x,y,width,height);//繪制矩形
      }
      /*繪制多邊形工具方法*/
      var drawpolygon=function(ps){
        if(ps.length>1){//保證只有兩個坐標點才是矩形
          cxt.beginPath();
          var p=ctrlConfig.startPoint;
          var x=p.getX();
          var y=p.getY();
          cxt.moveTo(x,y);
          for(p1 in ps){
            cxt.lineTo(p1.getX(),p1.getY());
          }
          cxt.stroke();
        }
      }
      /*繪制圓角矩形工具方法*/
      var drawRoundedRect=function(x,y,width,height,radius){
        cxt.beginPath();
        cxt.moveTo(x,y+radius);
        cxt.lineTo(x,y+height-radius);
        cxt.quadraticCurveTo(x,y+height,x+radius,y+height);
        cxt.lineTo(x+width-radius,y+height);
        cxt.quadraticCurveTo(x+width,y+height,x+width,y+height-radius);
        cxt.lineTo(x+width,y+radius);
        cxt.quadraticCurveTo(x+width,y,x+width-radius,y);
        cxt.lineTo(x+radius,y);
        cxt.quadraticCurveTo(x,y,x,y+radius);
        cxt.stroke();
      }
      /*繪制圓工具方法*/
      var drawCircle=function(c){
        var p=c.getPoint();//坐標點
        var x=p.getX();
        var y=p.getY();
        var r=c.getRadius();
        cxt.beginPath();
        //x,y,半徑,開始點,結束點,順時針/逆時針
        cxt.arc(x,y,r,0,Math.PI*2,false); // 繪制圓
        cxt.stroke();
      }
      //計算圓半徑工具方法
      var calculateRadius=function(p1,p2){
        var width=p2.getX()-p1.getX();
        var height=p2.getY()-p1.getY();
        //如果是負數
        if(width<0||height<0){
          width=Math.abs(width);
        }
        //計算兩點距離=平方根(width^2+height^2)
        c=Math.sqrt(Math.pow(width,2)+Math.pow(height,2));
        return c;
      }
      //鼠標按鍵點擊（首次點擊確定開始坐標點，拖動鼠標不斷進行圖形重繪）
      var mouseDown = function(e){
        var btnNum = e.button;
        if(btnNum==0){
          console.log("選擇："+ctrlConfig.kind);
          //設置起始點
          switch(ctrlConfig.kind){
            case graphkind.pen://畫筆(不松開鼠標按鍵一直畫)
              beginDrawing();//開始繪制
              cxt.beginPath();
              cxt.moveTo(e.offsetX,e.offsetY);
              break;
            case graphkind.poly://多邊形
              var p=new Point(e.offsetX,e.offsetY);
              if(isDrawing()){
                getCuGraph().add(p);//添加到
              }else{//第一次確定開始坐標
                beginDrawing();//開始繪制
                setStartPoint(p);
                var poly=new Poly();
                poly.add(p);
                setCuGraph(poly);//設置當前繪制圖形
              }
              break;
            case graphkind.line://線條
            case graphkind.arrow://方向
            case graphkind.trian://三角形
            case graphkind.rect://矩形
            case graphkind.parallel://平行四邊形
            case graphkind.trapezoid://梯形
              beginDrawing();//開始繪制
              var p=new Point(e.offsetX,e.offsetY);
              setStartPoint(p);
              var poly=new Poly();
              poly.add(p);
              setCuGraph(poly);//設置當前繪制圖形
              break;
            case graphkind.circle://圓
              console.log("確定圖形繪制開始坐標點："+e.offsetX+","+e.offsetY);//點擊確定圖形的開始坐標點
              beginDrawing();//開始繪制
              var p=new Point(e.offsetX,e.offsetY);
              setStartPoint(p);
              var circle= new Circle({'start':p});
              setCuGraph(circle);
              break;
            case ctrlConfig.cursor: //手型鼠標
            default://默認是手型鼠標，不允許繪制
          }
        }else if(btnNum==2){
          console.log("右鍵由于結束多邊形繪制");
          if(isDrawing()){
            if(ctrlConfig.kind==graphkind.poly){
              repaint();
              getCuGraph().draw();
              stopDrawing();//結束繪制
            }
          }
        }
        hideDefRM();//屏蔽瀏覽器默認事件
      }
      //鼠標移動（拖動，根據鼠標移動的位置不斷重繪圖形）
      var mouseMove = function(e){
        if(isDrawing()&&hasStartPoint()){//檢查是否開始繪制，檢查是否有開始坐標點
          //畫筆不需要重繪
          if(ctrlConfig.kind>1){
            repaint();//重繪
          }
          var p=setCuPointXY(e.offsetX,e.offsetY,0);//設置共享的臨時坐標點，用于防止重復創建對象
          switch(ctrlConfig.kind){
            case graphkind.pen://畫筆(一直畫)
              cxt.lineTo(e.offsetX,e.offsetY);
              cxt.stroke();
              break;
            case graphkind.poly://多邊形
              var poly=getCuGraph(poly);
              var size=poly.getSize();
              poly.setPoint(p,(size-1));
              poly.draw();
              break;
            case graphkind.line://線條
              var line=new Line(getStartPoint(),p,false);
              ctrlConfig.cuGraph=line;
              line.draw();
              break;
            case graphkind.arrow://方向
              var line=new Line(getStartPoint(),p,true);
              ctrlConfig.cuGraph=line;
              line.draw();
              break;
            case graphkind.trian://三角形
              var lu=getStartPoint();
              var x2=p.getX();
              var x1=lu.getX();
              //三角形左邊的點坐標計算方法:(x1-(x2-x1),y2)
              var x3=x1-(x2-x1);
              var l=setCuPointXY(x3,p.getY(),1);//設置共享的臨時坐標點，用于防止重復創建對象
              var poly=getCuGraph();//獲取當前圖形
              poly.set([lu,p,l]);
              poly.draw();//即時繪制
              break;
            case graphkind.parallel://平行四邊形
              var lu=getStartPoint();
              var x3=p.getX();
              var x1=lu.getX();
              //平行四邊形兩個未知坐標點計算方法:(x1-(x3-x1),y3),(x1+(x3-x1),y1)
              var x2=x3+(x3-x1);
              var x4=x1-(x3-x1);
              var ld=setCuPointXY(x2,lu.getY(),1);//設置共享的臨時坐標點，用于防止重復創建對象
              var ru=setCuPointXY(x4,p.getY(),2);//設置共享的臨時坐標點，用于防止重復創建對象
              var poly=getCuGraph();//獲取當前圖形
              poly.set([lu,ru,p,ld]);
              poly.draw();//即時繪制
              break;
            case graphkind.trapezoid://梯形
              var lu=getStartPoint();
              var x3=p.getX();
              var x1=lu.getX();
              //梯形兩個未知坐標點計算方法:(x3-(x3-x1)/2,y1),(x1-(x3-x1)/2,y3)
              var x2=x3-(x3-x1)/2;
              var x4=x1-(x3-x1)/2;
              var ld=setCuPointXY(x2,lu.getY(),1);
              var ru=setCuPointXY(x4,p.getY(),2);
              var poly=getCuGraph();
              poly.set([lu,ru,p,ld]);
              poly.draw();
              break;
            case graphkind.rect://矩形
              var lu=getStartPoint();
              //矩形右上角和左上角坐標計算方法
              var ld=setCuPointXY(lu.getX(),p.getY(),1);
              var ru=setCuPointXY(p.getX(),lu.getY(),2);
              var poly=getCuGraph();
              poly.set([lu,ru,p,ld]);
              poly.draw();
              break;
            case graphkind.circle://圓
              var circle=getCuGraph();//獲取當前圖形
              circle.set({'start':getStartPoint(),'end':p});
              circle.draw();//即時繪制
              break;
          }
        }
      }
      //鼠標按鍵松開
      var mouseUp = function(e){
        if(isDrawing()){
          //console.log("松開鼠標按鍵:"+e.offsetX+","+e.offsetY);
          //畫筆不需要重繪
          if(ctrlConfig.kind>1){
            repaint();
            getCuGraph().draw();
          }
          if(ctrlConfig.kind!=graphkind.poly){//多邊形繪制鼠標按鍵松開不結束繪制，多邊形只有右鍵點擊才能結束繪制
            stopDrawing();//結束繪制
          }
        }
      }
      //鼠標移出
      var mouseOut = function(e){
        console.log("鼠標移出繪制區域"+e.offsetX+","+e.offsetY);
        if(isDrawing()){
          console.log("停止繪制");
          if(ctrlConfig.kind>1){
            repaint();
            getCuGraph().draw();
          }
          stopDrawing();//停止繪制
        }
      }
      return{
        isNull:isNull,
        getDom:getDom,
        clear:function(){
          stopDrawing();//停止繪制
          repaint();
        },
        /**初始化*/
        init:function(params){
          cbtCanvas=getDom(params.id);
          //瀏覽器是否支持Canvas
          if (cbtCanvas.getContext){
            /**繪圖對象*/
            cxt=cbtCanvas.getContext("2d");
            cbtCanvas.onmousedown = mouseDown;
            cbtCanvas.onmouseup = mouseUp;
            cbtCanvas.onmousemove = mouseMove;
            cbtCanvas.onmouseout = mouseOut;
            resetStyle();//載入樣式
            return true;
          }else{
            return false;
          }
        },
        /**設置背景圖片*/
        setBgPic:loadPicture,
        /**選擇圖形類型*/
        begin:function(k){
          console.log("選擇繪制圖形："+k);
          if(isNaN(k)){//如果不是數字，先轉換為對應字符
            ctrlConfig.kind=kind[k];
          }else{
            ctrlConfig.kind=k;
          }
          switchCorser(true);//切換鼠標樣式
        },
        /*手型，并停止繪圖*/
        hand:function(){
          ctrlConfig.kind=0;
          stopDrawing();//停止繪制
          switchCorser(false);//切換鼠標樣式
        }
      }
    })

三、使用方式

1、圖形類型

0:鼠標，1:畫筆，2:線條，3:三角形，4:矩形，5:多邊形，6:圓形，21:箭頭，41:平行四邊形，42:梯形

var graphkind={'cursor':0,'pen':1,'line':2,'trian':3,'rect':4,'poly':5,'circle':6,'arrow':21,'parallel':41,'trapezoid':42};

2、初始化以及使用背景圖片和畫筆選擇

var drawUtil=new DrawingTools();
//初始化，(如果瀏覽器不支持H5，會初始化失敗，返回false)
if(drawUtil.init({'id':'calibrationCanvas'})){
//加載圖片
var imgsrc='圖片地址';
if(!drawUtil.isNull(imgsrc)){
  drawUtil.setBgPic(imgsrc,true);//設置背景圖片（異步加載圖片）
}
}
drawUtil.begin(1);//選擇畫筆

2、繪制箭頭

drawUtil.begin(21);

關于怎么在JavaScript中使用Canvas實現一個拖拽繪圖功能問題的解答就分享到這里了，希望以上內容可以對大家有一定的幫助，如果你還有很多疑惑沒有解開，可以關注億速云行業資訊頻道了解更多相關知識。