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mutable是為了突破const函數的限制而設計的，mutable修飾的成員變量將永遠處于可改變的狀態。mutable成員變量破壞了只讀對象的內部狀態，而const成員函數保證只讀對象的狀態不變性，因此mutable成員變量無法保證只讀對象狀態的不變性。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
public:
Test():m_count(0)
{
}
void setValue(const int value)
{
m_count++;
m_data = value;
}
int getValue()
{
m_count++;
return m_data;
}
int getValue()const
{
m_count++;
return m_data;
}
int getCount()const
{
return m_count;
}
private:
int m_data;
mutable int m_count;
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Test test1;
test1.setValue(100);
cout << test1.getCount() << endl;
const Test test2;
test2.getValue();
cout << test2.getCount() << endl;
return 0;
}上述代碼使用mutable修飾成員變量m_count，確保在const函數內部也可以改變其值，但mutable破壞了只讀對象狀態的不變性，所以不推薦。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
public:
Test():m_count(new int(0))
{
}
void setValue(const int value)
{
*m_count = *m_count + 1;
m_data = value;
}
int getValue()
{
*m_count = *m_count + 1;
return m_data;
}
int getValue()const
{
*m_count = *m_count + 1;
return m_data;
}
int getCount()const
{
return *m_count;
}
private:
int m_data;
int* const m_count;
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Test test1;
test1.setValue(100);
cout << test1.getCount() << endl;
const Test test2;
test2.getValue();
cout << test2.getCount() << endl;
return 0;
}上述代碼使用指針常量統計訪問成員變量的次數，不會破壞只讀對象的狀態不變性。
new/delete的本質是C++預定義的操作符，C++語言規范對new/delete操作符做出了嚴格的規范：
A、new關鍵字用于獲取足夠的內存空間（默認為堆空間），在獲取的空間中調用構造函數創建對象。
B、delete調用析構函數銷毀對象，歸還對象所占用的空間（默認為堆空間）。
C++語言中可以重載new/delete操作符，重載new/delete操作符的意義在于改變動態對象創建時的內存分配方式，可以將new創建的對象分配在棧空間、靜態存儲空間、指定地址空間。
new/delete操作符支持全局重載、局部重載，但不推薦對new/delete操作符進行全局重載，通常對new/delete操作符進行局部重載，如針對具體的類進行new/delete操作符重載。
new/delete操作符重載函數默認為靜態函數，無論是否顯示聲明static關鍵字。
//static member function
void* operator new(unsigned int size)
{
void* ret = NULL;
/* ret point to allocated memory */
return ret;
}
//static member function
void operator delete(void* p)
{
/* free the memory which is pointed by p */
}#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
private:
static const unsigned int COUNT = 4;
static char c_buffer[];
static char c_map[];
int m_value;
public:
Test(int value = 0)
{
m_value = value;
cout << "value : " << value << endl;
}
//static member function
void* operator new (unsigned int size)
{
void* ret = NULL;
for(int i = 0; i < COUNT; i++)
{
if( !c_map[i] )
{
c_map[i] = 1;
ret = c_buffer + i * sizeof(Test);
cout << "succeed to allocate memory: " << ret << endl;
break;
}
}
return ret;
}
//static member function
void operator delete (void* p)
{
if( p != NULL )
{
char* mem = reinterpret_cast<char*>(p);
int index = (mem - c_buffer) / sizeof(Test);
int flag = (mem - c_buffer) % sizeof(Test);
if( (flag == 0) && (0 <= index) && (index < COUNT) )
{
c_map[index] = 0;
cout << "succeed to free memory: " << p << endl;
}
}
}
int getValue()const
{
return m_value;
}
};
char Test::c_buffer[sizeof(Test) * Test::COUNT] = {0};
char Test::c_map[Test::COUNT] = {0};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
cout << "===== Test Single Object =====" << endl;
Test* pt = new Test(1);
delete pt;
cout << "===== Test Object Array =====" << endl;
Test* pa[5] = {0};
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
pa[i] = new Test(100 + i);
cout << "pa[" << i << "] = " << pa[i] << endl;
}
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
cout << "delete " << pa[i] << endl;
if(pa[i] != NULL)
{
delete pa[i];
}
}
return 0;
}上述代碼，new會創建Test對象到靜態存儲空間中，從打印結果可以知道new創建Test對象時先調用new操作符重載函數，在返回的空間中再調用Test構造函數。
在類中對new/delete操作符進行重載，在new操作符重載函數中返回指定的地址，在delete操作符重載函數中標記對應的地址可用。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
static unsigned int c_count;
static char* c_buffer;
static char* c_map;
int m_value;
public:
static bool SetMemorySource(char* memory, unsigned int size)
{
bool ret = false;
c_count = size / sizeof(Test);
ret = (c_count && (c_map = reinterpret_cast<char*>(calloc(c_count, sizeof(char)))));
if( ret )
{
c_buffer = memory;
}
else
{
free(c_map);
c_map = NULL;
c_buffer = NULL;
c_count = 0;
}
return ret;
}
void* operator new (unsigned int size)
{
void* ret = NULL;
if( c_count > 0 )
{
for(int i=0; i<c_count; i++)
{
if( !c_map[i] )
{
c_map[i] = 1;
ret = c_buffer + i * sizeof(Test);
cout << "succeed to allocate memory: " << ret << endl;
break;
}
}
}
else
{
ret = malloc(size);
}
return ret;
}
void operator delete (void* p)
{
if( p != NULL )
{
if( c_count > 0 )
{
char* mem = reinterpret_cast<char*>(p);
int index = (mem - c_buffer) / sizeof(Test);
int flag = (mem - c_buffer) % sizeof(Test);
if( (flag == 0) && (0 <= index) && (index < c_count) )
{
c_map[index] = 0;
cout << "succeed to free memory: " << p << endl;
}
}
else
{
free(p);
}
}
}
};
unsigned int Test::c_count = 0;
char* Test::c_buffer = NULL;
char* Test::c_map = NULL;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char buffer[12] = {0};
Test::SetMemorySource(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
cout << "===== Test Single Object =====" << endl;
Test* pt = new Test;
delete pt;
cout << "===== Test Object Array =====" << endl;
Test* pa[5] = {0};
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
pa[i] = new Test;
cout << "pa[" << i << "] = " << pa[i] << endl;
}
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
{
cout << "delete " << pa[i] << endl;
delete pa[i];
}
return 0;
}上述代碼中，可以在指定地址空間創建對象，也可以不指定地址空間，此時在堆空間創建對象。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
int m_value;
public:
Test(int value = 0)
{
m_value = value;
cout << "value : " << m_value << endl;
cout << "this : " << this << endl;
}
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Test test(100);
//在棧空間創建對象
Test* pTest = new(&test) Test(1000);
return 0;
}
上述代碼中，可以使用new操作符的默認實現在棧空間創建對象。new[]/delete[]關鍵字與new/delete關鍵字完全不同，是一組全新的關鍵字。
new[]關鍵字用于創建動態對象數組，delete[]關鍵字用于銷毀動態對象數組。new[]/delete[]關鍵字可以進行重載，用于優化內存管理方式。new[]關鍵字返回的空間大小通常大于預期的動態數組空間大小。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
int m_value;
public:
Test(int value = 0)
{
m_value = value;
}
~Test()
{
}
void* operator new (unsigned int size)
{
cout << "operator new: " << size << endl;
return malloc(size);
}
void operator delete (void* p)
{
cout << "operator delete: " << p << endl;
free(p);
}
void* operator new[] (unsigned int size)
{
cout << "operator new[]: " << size << endl;
return malloc(size);
}
void operator delete[] (void* p)
{
cout << "operator delete[]: " << p << endl;
free(p);
}
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
Test* pt = NULL;
pt = new Test;
delete pt;
pt = new Test[5];
delete[] pt;
return 0;
}上述代碼中，重載了new[]/delete[]關鍵字。
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