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一、前言
二、概述
三、環境準備
四、安裝MySQL 5.5.35
五、新建支持多實例的配置文件（我這里配置的是四個實例）
六、初始化多實例數據庫
七、提供管理腳本 mysqld_multi.server
八、整體備份方便后續遷移
九、管理MySQL多實例
十、登錄MySQL多實例
十一、其它管理配置
十二、總結
注，測試環境 CentOS 6.4 x86_64，軟件版本 MySQL 5.5.35，軟件下載地址：http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/5.1.html#downloads。
1.應用場景
· 采用了數據偽分布式架構的原因，而項目啟動初期又不一定有那多的用戶量，為此先一組物理數據庫服務器，但部署多個實例，方便后續遷移；
· 為規避mysql對SMP架構不支持的缺陷，使用多實例綁定處理器的辦法，把不同的數據庫分配到不同的實例上提供數據服務；
· 一臺物理數據庫服務器支撐多個數據庫的數據服務，為提高mysql復制的從機的恢復效率，采用多實例部署；
· 已經為雙主復制的mysql數據庫服務器架構，想部分重要業務的數據多一份異地機房的熱備份，而mysql復制暫不支持多主的復制模式，且不給用戶提供服務，為有效控制成本，會考慮異地機房部署一臺性能超好的物理服務器，甚至外加磁盤柜的方式，為此也會部署多實例；
· 傳統游戲行業的MMO/MMORPG，以及Web Game，每一個服都對應一個數據庫，而可能要做很多數據查詢和數據訂正的工作，為減少維護而出錯的概率，也可能采用多實例部署的方式，按區的概念分配數據庫；
上面的應用場景介紹主要參考這篇文章：http://www.zhdba.com/mysqlops/2011/07/30/multi-mysqld/，我們這里應用主要是基于前面三種場景。下面我們來說一下要注意的問題……
2.背景/需求、注意事項
(1).背景與需求
· 將所有的安裝文件、配置文件、數據目錄全部放存/data/mysql目錄中，便于今后實現快速遷移、整體備份和快速復制；
· 在一臺服務器上運行四個MySQL實例，分別綁定在3306、3307、3308、3309端口上；
· 四個實例都開啟binlog日志，數據目錄分別存放在/data/mysql/data、/data/mysql/data2、/data/mysql/data3、/data/mysql/data4
· 四個實例均采用InnoDB作為默認的存儲引擎，字符編碼采用UTF-8；
· 四個實例均采用相同的性能優化配置參數；
(2).注意事項
· 在編譯安裝時，將數據庫的配置文件my.cnf以及data目錄等均指向到/data/mysql目錄中；
· 通過mysqld_multi的方式來管理四個不同的實例，采用相同的配置文件共享性能優化配置參數；
· 在同一個配置文件中，利用[mysqld1]、[mysqld2]、[mysqld3]、[mysqld4]標簽實現不同實例的差異化配置；
三、環境準備
1.安裝yum源
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[root@node1 src]# wget http://mirrors.hustunique.com/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm [root@node1 src]# rpm -ivh epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm |
2.同步時間
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[root@node1 src]# yum install -y ntp [root@node1 src]# ntpdate 202.120.2.101 [root@node1 src]# hwclock –w |
3.安裝mysql5.5依賴包
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[root@node1 ~]# yum install -y autoconf* automake* zlib* libxml* ncurses-devel* libgcrypt* libtool* openssl* |
4.安裝cmake
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[root@node1 ~]# yum install -y cmake |
四、安裝MySQL 5.5.35
1.創建安裝目錄與數據存放目錄
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[root@node1 ~]# mkdir /data/mysql [root@node1 ~]# mkdir /data/mysql/data |
2.創建mysql用戶與組
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[root@node1 ~]# useradd mysql [root@node1 ~]# id mysql uid=500(mysql) gid=500(mysql) 組=500(mysql) |
3.授權安裝目錄與數據目錄
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[root@node1 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /data/mysql/ [root@node1 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /data/mysql/data |
4.安裝mysql
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[root@node1 ~]# cd src/ [root@node1 src]# tar xf mysql-5.5.35.tar.gz [root@node1 src]# cd mysql-5.5.35 [root@node1 mysql-5.5.35]# cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/data/mysql -DSYSCONFDIR=/data/mysql/etc -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/data/mysql/data -DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306 -DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysqld.sock -DMYSQL_USER=mysql -DEXTRA_CHARSETS=all -DWITH_READLINE=1 -DWITH_SSL=system -DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1 -DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 [root@node1 mysql-5.5.35]# make && make install |
好了，到這里我們的mysql就安裝完成了，下面我們為mysql提供多實例配置文件。
五、新建支持多實例的配置文件（我這里配置的是四個實例）
1.刪除默認的數據目錄
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[root@node1 ~]# cd /data/mysql/ [root@node1 mysql]# rm -rf data |
2.創建多實例配置需要的目錄
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[root@node1 mysql]# mkdir etc tmp run log binlogs data data2 data3 data4 [root@node1 mysql]# chown -R mysql.mysql tmp run log binlogs data data2 data3 data4 |
3.提供配置文件
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[root@node1 ~]# cd src/ [root@node1 src]# cd mysql-5.5.35 [root@node1 mysql-5.5.35]# cp support-files/my-small.cnf /data/mysql/etc/my.cnf [root@node1 ~]# cd /data/mysql/etc/ [root@node1 etc]# vim my.cnf # This server may run 4+ separate instances. So we use mysqld_multi to manage their services. [client] default-character-set = utf8 [mysqld_multi] mysqld = /data/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe mysqladmin = /data/mysql/bin/mysqladmin log = /data/mysql/log/mysqld_multi.log user = root #password =
# This is the general purpose database. # The locations are default. # They are left in [mysqld] in case the server is started normally instead of by mysqld_multi. [mysqld1] socket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sock port = 3306 pid-file = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.pid datadir = /data/mysql/data lc-messages-dir = /data/mysql/share/english
# These support master - master replication #auto-increment-increment = 4 #auto-increment-offset = 1 # Since it is master 1 log-bin = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld1 log-bin-index = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld1.index #binlog-do-db = # Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave max_binlog_size = 1024M
# This is exlusively for mysqld2 # It is on 3307 with data directory /data/mysqld/data2 [mysqld2] socket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sock2 port = 3307 pid-file = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.pid2 datadir = /data/mysql/data2 lc-messages-dir = /data/mysql/share/english
# Disable DNS lookups #skip-name-resolve
# These support master - slave replication log-bin = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld2 log-bin-index = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld2.index #binlog-do-db = # Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave max_binlog_size = 1024M # Relay log settings #relay-log = /data/mysql/log/relay-log-mysqld2 #relay-log-index = /data/mysql/log/relay-log-mysqld2.index #relay-log-space-limit = 4G
# Slow query log settings #log-slow-queries = /data/mysql/log/slow-log-mysqld2 #long_query_time = 2 #log-queries-not-using-indexes
# This is exlusively for mysqld3 # It is on 3308 with data directory /data/mysqld/data3 [mysqld3] socket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sock3 port = 3308 pid-file = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.pid3 datadir = /data/mysql/data3 lc-messages-dir = /data/mysql/share/english #Disable DNS lookups #skip-name-resolve # These support master - slave replication log-bin = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld3 log-bin-index = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld3.index #binlog-do-db = # Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave max_binlog_size = 1024M # This is exlusively for mysqld4 # It is on 3309 with data directory /data/mysqld/data4 [mysqld4] socket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sock4 port = 3309 pid-file = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.pid4 datadir = /data/mysql/data4 lc-messages-dir = /data/mysql/share/english # Disable DNS lookups #skip-name-resolve # These support master - slave replication log-bin = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld4 log-bin-index = /data/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld4.index #binlog-do-db = # Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave max_binlog_size = 1024M # The rest of the my.cnf is shared # Here follows entries for some specific programs # The MySQL server [mysqld] basedir = /data/mysql tmpdir = /data/mysql/tmp socket = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.sock port = 3306 pid-file = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.pid datadir = /data/mysql/data lc-messages-dir = /data/mysql/share/english
skip-external-locking key_buffer_size = 16K max_allowed_packet = 1M table_open_cache = 4 sort_buffer_size = 64K read_buffer_size = 256K read_rnd_buffer_size = 256K net_buffer_length = 2K thread_stack = 128K
# Increase the max connections max_connections = 2
# The expiration time for logs, including binlogs expire_logs_days = 14
# Set the character as utf8 character-set-server = utf8 collation-server = utf8_unicode_ci
# This is usually only needed when setting up chained replication #log-slave-updates
# Enable this to make replication more resilient against server crashes and restarts # but can cause higher I/O on the server #sync_binlog = 1
# The server id, should be unique in same network server-id = 1
# Set this to force MySQL to use a particular engine/table-type for new tables # This setting can still be overridden by specifying the engine explicitly # in the CREATE TABLE statement default-storage-engine = INNODB
# Enable Per Table Data for InnoDB to shrink ibdata1 innodb_file_per_table = 1
# Uncomment the following if you are using InnoDB tables #innodb_data_home_dir = /data/mysql/data #innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend #innodb_log_group_home_dir = /data/mysql/data # You can set .._buffer_pool_size up to 50 - 80 % of RAM # but beware of setting memory usage too high innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16M innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 2M # Set .._log_file_size to 25 % of buffer pool size innodb_log_file_size = 5M innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1 innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50
[mysqldump] quick max_allowed_packet = 16M
[mysql] no-auto-rehash
[myisamchk] key_buffer_size = 8M sort_buffer_size = 8M
[mysqlhotcopy] interactive-timeout
[mysql.server] user = mysql
[mysqld_safe] log-error = /data/mysql/log/mysqld.log pid-file = /data/mysql/run/mysqld.pid open-files-limit = 8192 |
注，MySQL自帶了幾個不同的配置文件，放置在/data/mysql/support-files目錄下，分別是my-huge.cnf,my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf,my-large.cnf,my-medium.cnf,my-small.cnf，通過名稱我們可以很直觀的了解到他們是針對不同的服務器配置的，本文的配置文件是來自于my-small.cnf的，因為我是在虛擬機上進行的設置；在生產環境中，我們可以通過參考my-huge.cnf或my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf中的部分參數配置，來對服務器進行優化；
4.修改my.cnf讀寫權限
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[root@node1 etc]# chown -R root.root /data/mysql/etc [root@node1 etc]# chmod 600 /data/mysql/etc/my.cnf |
好了，到這里我們的配置文件就設置完成了，下面我們來初始化一下數據庫。
六、初始化多實例數據庫
1.切換到mysql的安裝目錄
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[root@node1 ~]# cd /data/mysql/ |
2.初始化實例[mysqld1]
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[root@node1 mysql]# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/data/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/data --user=mysql |
3.初始化實例[mysqld2]
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[root@node1 mysql]# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/data/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/data2 --user=mysql |
4.初始化實例[mysqld3]
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[root@node1 mysql]# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/data/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/data3 --user=mysql |
5.初始化實例[mysqld4]
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[root@node1 mysql]# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/data/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/data4 --user=mysql |
好了，到這里我們初始化工作就完成了，下面我們來提供一下多實例的管理腳本。
七、提供管理腳本 mysqld_multi.server
1.創建管理腳本目錄
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[root@node1 mysql]# mkdir /data/mysql/init.d |
2.提供管理腳本
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[root@node1 mysql]# cp support-files/mysqld_multi.server init.d/ |
3.簡單修改一下腳本
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[root@node1 mysql]# cd init.d/ [root@node1 init.d]# vim mysqld_multi.server #!/bin/sh # # A simple startup script for mysqld_multi by Tim Smith and Jani Tolonen. # This script assumes that my.cnf file exists either in /etc/my.cnf or # /root/.my.cnf and has groups [mysqld_multi] and [mysqldN]. See the # mysqld_multi documentation for detailed instructions. # # This script can be used as /etc/init.d/mysql.server # # Comments to support chkconfig on RedHat Linux # chkconfig: 2345 64 36 # description: A very fast and reliable SQL database engine. # # Version 1.0 # basedir=/data/mysql bindir=/data/mysql/bin conf=/data/mysql/etc/my.cnf export PATH=$PATH:$bindir if test -x $bindir/mysqld_multi then mysqld_multi="$bindir/mysqld_multi"; else echo "Can't execute $bindir/mysqld_multi from dir $basedir"; exit; fi case "$1" in 'start' ) "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf start $2 ;; 'stop' ) "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf stop $2 ;; 'report' ) "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf report $2 ;; 'restart' ) "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf stop $2 "$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf start $2 ;; *) echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|report|restart}" >&2 ;; esac |
好了，到這里我們所有的配置就全部完成了，下面我們打包備份一下。
八、整體備份方便后續遷移
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[root@node1 ~]# cd /data/ [root@node1 data]# tar czvf mysql-5.5.350-full.tar.gz /data/mysql/ [root@node1 data]# ll -h 總用量 128M drwx------. 2 root root 16K 8月 17 18:42 lost+found drwxr-xr-x 22 mysql mysql 4.0K 1月 6 22:08 mysql -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 128M 1月 7 00:25 mysql-5.5.350-full.tar.gz |
注，備份完成后，直接將mysql-5.5.350-full.tar.gz拿到其他服務器上，解壓后便可以直接啟用。嘿嘿，方便吧……
九、管理MySQL多實例
1.同時啟動四個mysql實例
(1).方法一：
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[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 1,2,3,4 |
或方法二：
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[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 3306,3307,3308,3309 |
(2).查看一下啟動的實例
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[root@node1 ~]# netstat -ntulp | grep mysqld tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3307 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 31416/mysqld tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3308 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 31414/mysqld tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3309 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 31420/mysqld tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 31413/mysqld |
2.同時關閉四個mysql實例
(1).方法一：
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[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 1,2,3,4 |
或方法二：
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[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 3306,3307,3308,3309 |
3.單獨啟動或關閉mysql實例
(1).啟動一個實例
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[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 1 [root@node1 ~]# netstat -ntulp | grep mysqld tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 32221/mysqld |
(2).關閉一個實例
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[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 1 |
注，啟動或關閉兩個或者三個實例方法的上面相同這里就不再演示。
十、登錄MySQL多實例
注，我們同時啟動四個實例，下面我們來演示一下怎么分別登錄這四個實例。為了演示四個實例的區別，我們分別在四個實例中創建mydb1、mydb2、mydb3、mydb4。
1.登錄[mysqld1]
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[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h227.0.0.1 -P3306 -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 1 Server version: 5.5.35-log Source distribution Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> create database mydb1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mydb1 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
2.登錄[mysqld2]
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[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h227.0.0.1 -P3307 -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 1 Server version: 5.5.35-log Source distribution Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> create database mydb2; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mydb2 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
3.登錄[mysqld3]
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[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h227.0.0.1 -P3308 -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 1 Server version: 5.5.35-log Source distribution Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> create database mydb3; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mydb3 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
4.登錄[mysqld4]
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[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h227.0.0.1 -P3309 -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 1 Server version: 5.5.35-log Source distribution Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> create database mydb4; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mydb4 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) |
好了，我們的MySQL多實例登錄就演示到這里了，下面我們來設置一下mysql的root密碼。
十一、其它管理配置
1.為mysql的root用戶創建密碼
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[root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -uroot -h227.0.0.1 -P3306 password '123456' [root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -uroot -h227.0.0.1 -P3307 password '123456' [root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -uroot -h227.0.0.1 -P3308 password '123456' [root@node1 ~]# /data/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -uroot -h227.0.0.1 -P3309 password '123456' |
2.刪除匿名連接的空密碼帳號
注，分別登錄實例[mysqld1]、[mysqld2]、[mysqld3]、[mysqld4]，執行以下命令：
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1 2 3 4 5 6 |
mysql>use mysql; #選擇系統數據庫mysql mysql>select Host,User,Password from user; #查看所有用戶 mysql>delete from user where password="";#刪除無密碼賬戶 mysql>flush privileges; #刷新權限 mysql>select Host,User,Password from user; #確認密碼為空的用戶是否已全部刪除 mysql>exit; |
十二、總結
1.采用源碼編譯安裝MySQL，可能在第一次會花費較多的時間，但卻是非常值得的，因為我們可以自己組織所有MySQL相關文件的位置；并且經過源碼編譯安裝后的MySQL，可以直接復制到其它服務器上運行，大大方便了我們以后的遷移、備份和新服務器的配置。
2.本文中僅僅用了四個實例[mysqld1]、[mysqld2]、[mysqld3]、[mysqld4]來舉例，實際上我們可以通過這樣的方式，實現[mysqld5]、[mysqld6]...等更多的實例，前提是你的服務器硬件配置得根得 上，但是一般我們這邊不會超過6個實例。
3.在單機運行多實例的情況下，切忌不要使用 mysql -hlocalhost 或 直接忽略-h參數登錄服務器，這應該算是MySQL的一個bug，就是如果使用localhost或忽略-h參數，而不是指定127.0.0.1的話，即使選擇的端口是3307，還是會登陸到3306中去，因此應盡量避免這種混亂的產生，統一用127.0.0.1綁定端口或采用socket來登錄，在mysql5.5中你不指定-h227.0.0.1選項，你是無法登錄的。
最后，希望大家有所收獲吧^_^……
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