//一、NSString   
    /*----------------創建字符串的方法----------------*/

    //1、創建常量字符串。
    NSString *astring = @"This is a String!";

    //2、創建空字符串，給予賦值。

    NSString *astring = [[NSString alloc] init];
    astring = @"This is a String!";
    NSLog(@"astring:%@",astring);
  [astring release];

    //3、在以上方法中，提升速度:initWithString方法

    NSString *astring = [[NSString alloc] initWithString:@"This is a String!"];
    NSLog(@"astring:%@",astring);
    [astring release];

    //4、用標準c創建字符串:initWithCString方法

    char *Cstring = "This is a String!";
    NSString *astring = [[NSString alloc] initWithCString:Cstring];
    NSLog(@"astring:%@",astring);
    [astring release];

    //5、創建格式化字符串:占位符（由一個%加一個字符組成）

    int i = 1;
    int j = 2;
    NSString *astring = [[NSString alloc] initWithString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d.This is %i string!",i,j]];
    NSLog(@"astring:%@",astring);
    [astring release];

    //6、創建臨時字符串

    NSString *astring;
    astring = [NSString stringWithCString:"This is a temporary string"];
    NSLog(@"astring:%@",astring);

    /*----------------從文件讀取字符串:initWithContentsOfFile方法 ----------------*/   

    NSString *path = @"astring.text";
    NSString *astring = [[NSString alloc] initWithContentsOfFile:path];
    NSLog(@"astring:%@",astring);
    [astring release];

    /*----------------寫字符串到文件:writeToFile方法 ----------------*/   

    NSString *astring = [[NSString alloc] initWithString:@"This is a String!"];
    NSLog(@"astring:%@",astring);
    NSString *path = @"astring.text";   
    [astring writeToFile: path atomically: YES];
    [astring release];   

    /*---------------- 比較兩個字符串----------------*/        

    //用C比較:strcmp函數

    char string1[] = "string!";
    char string2[] = "string!";
    if(strcmp(string1, string2) = = 0)
    {
        NSLog(@"1");
    }

    //isEqualToString方法   
    NSString *astring01 = @"This is a String!";
    NSString *astring02 = @"This is a String!";
    BOOL result = [astring01 isEqualToString:astring02];
    NSLog(@"result:%d",result);

    //compare方法(comparer返回的三種值)   
    NSString *astring01 = @"This is a String!";
    NSString *astring02 = @"This is a String!";   
    BOOL result = [astring01 compare:astring02] = = NSOrderedSame;   
    NSLog(@"result:%d",result);   
    //NSOrderedSame 判斷兩者內容是否相同

    NSString *astring01 = @"This is a String!";
    NSString *astring02 = @"this is a String!";
    BOOL result = [astring01 compare:astring02] = = NSOrderedAscending;   
    NSLog(@"result:%d",result);
    //NSOrderedAscending 判斷兩對象值的大小(按字母順序進行比較，astring02大于astring01為真)

    NSString *astring01 = @"this is a String!";
    NSString *astring02 = @"This is a String!";
    BOOL result = [astring01 compare:astring02] = = NSOrderedDescending;   
    NSLog(@"result:%d",result);     
    //NSOrderedDescending 判斷兩對象值的大小(按字母順序進行比較，astring02小于astring01為真)

    //不考慮大 小寫比較字符串1
    NSString *astring01 = @"this is a String!";
    NSString *astring02 = @"This is a String!";
    BOOL result = [astring01 caseInsensitiveCompare:astring02] = = NSOrderedSame;   
    NSLog(@"result:%d",result);     
    //NSOrderedDescending判斷兩對象值的大小(按字母順序進行比較，astring02小于astring01為 真)

    //不考慮大小寫比較字符串2
    NSString *astring01 = @"this is a String!";
    NSString *astring02 = @"This is a String!";
    BOOL result = [astring01 compare:astring02
                            options:NSCaseInsensitiveSearch | NSNumericSearch] = = NSOrderedSame;   
    NSLog(@"result:%d",result);     

    //NSCaseInsensitiveSearch:不區分大小寫比較 NSLiteralSearch:進行完全比較，區分大小寫 NSNumericSearch:比較字符串的字符個數，而不是字符值。

    /*----------------改變字符串的大小寫----------------*/   

    NSString *string1 = @"A String";
    NSString *string2 = @"String";
    NSLog(@"string1:%@",[string1 uppercaseString]);//大寫
    NSLog(@"string2:%@",[string2 lowercaseString]);//小寫
    NSLog(@"string2:%@",[string2 capitalizedString]);//首字母大小

    /*----------------在串中搜索子串 ----------------*/        

    NSString *string1 = @"This is a string";
    NSString *string2 = @"string";
    NSRange range = [string1 rangeOfString:string2];
    int location = range.location;
    int leight = range.length;
    NSString *astring = [[NSString alloc] initWithString:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"Location:%i,Leight:%i",location,leight]];
    NSLog(@"astring:%@",astring);
    [astring release];

    /*----------------抽取子串 ----------------*/        

    //-substringToIndex: 從字符串的開頭一直截取到指定的位置，但不包括該位置的字符
    NSString *string1 = @"This is a string";
    NSString *string2 = [string1 substringToIndex:3];
    NSLog(@"string2:%@",string2);

    //-substringFromIndex: 以指定位置開始（包括指定位置的字符），并包括之后的全部字符
    NSString *string1 = @"This is a string";
    NSString *string2 = [string1 substringFromIndex:3];
    NSLog(@"string2:%@",string2);

    //-substringWithRange: //按照所給出的位置，長度，任意地從字符串中截取子串
    NSString *string1 = @"This is a string";
    NSString *string2 = [string1 substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(0, 4)];
    NSLog(@"string2:%@",string2);

    //枚舉
    NSEnumerator *filenum;
    filenum = [files objectEnumerator];
    while (filename = [filenum nextObject]) {
        NSLog(@"filename:%@",filename);
    }

    /*--------------------------- 切分數組------------------------------*/

    //從字符串分割到數組－ componentsSeparatedByString:
    NSString *string = [[NSString alloc] initWithString:@"One,Two,Three,Four"];
    NSLog(@"string:%@",string);   
    NSArray *array = [string componentsSeparatedByString:@","];
    NSLog(@"array:%@",array);
    [string release];

    //從數組合并元素到字符串- componentsJoinedByString:
    NSArray *array = [[NSArray alloc] initWithObjects:@"One",@"Two",@"Three",@"Four",nil];
    NSString *string = [array componentsJoinedByString:@","];
    NSLog(@"string:%@",string);

    /************************************************************************
     NSMutableArray
     *************************************************************************/
    /*--------------- 給數組分配容量----------------*/
    //NSArray *array;
    array = [NSMutableArray arrayWithCapacity:20];

    /*-------------- 在數組末尾添加對象----------------*/
    //- (void) addObject: (id) anObject;
    //NSMutableArray *array = [NSMutableArray arrayWithObjects:
    @"One",@"Two",@"Three",nil];
    [array addObject:@"Four"];
    NSLog(@"array:%@",array);

    /*-------------- 刪除數組中指定索引處對象----------------*/   
    //-(void) removeObjectAtIndex: (unsigned) index;   
    //NSMutableArray *array = [NSMutableArray arrayWithObjects:
    @"One",@"Two",@"Three",nil];
    [array removeObjectAtIndex:1];
    NSLog(@"array:%@",array);

    /*------------- 數組枚舉---------------*/   
    //- (NSEnumerator *)objectEnumerator;從前向后
    //NSMutableArray *array = [NSMutableArray arrayWithObjects:
    @"One",@"Two",@"Three",nil];
    NSEnumerator *enumerator;
    enumerator = [array objectEnumerator];

    id thingie;
    while (thingie = [enumerator nextObject]) {
        NSLog(@"thingie:%@",thingie);
    }

    //- (NSEnumerator *)reverseObjectEnumerator;從后向前
    //NSMutableArray *array = [NSMutableArray arrayWithObjects:
    @"One",@"Two",@"Three",nil];
    NSEnumerator *enumerator;
    enumerator = [array reverseObjectEnumerator];

    id object;
    while (object = [enumerator nextObject]) {
        NSLog(@"object:%@",object);
    }

    //快速枚舉
    //NSMutableArray *array = [NSMutableArray arrayWithObjects:
    @"One",@"Two",@"Three",nil];
    for(NSString *string in array)
    {
        NSLog(@"string:%@",string);
    }

    /*****************************************************************************
     NSDictionary
     ***************************************************************************/

    /*------------------------------------創建字典 ------------------------------------*/
    //- (id) initWithObjectsAndKeys;

    //NSDictionary *dictionary = [[NSDictionary alloc] initWithObjectsAndKeys:@"One",@"1",@"Two",@"2",@"Three",@"3",nil];
    NSString *string = [dictionary objectForKey:@"One"];
    NSLog(@"string:%@",string);
    NSLog(@"dictionary:%@",dictionary);
    [dictionary release];

    /********************************************************************************
     NSMutableDictionary
     ********************************************************************************/

    /*------------------------------------創建可變字典 ------------------------------------*/   
    //創建
    NSMutableDictionary *dictionary = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];

    //添加字典
    [dictionary setObject:@"One" forKey:@"1"];
    [dictionary setObject:@"Two" forKey:@"2"];
    [dictionary setObject:@"Three" forKey:@"3"];
    [dictionary setObject:@"Four" forKey:@"4"];
    NSLog(@"dictionary:%@",dictionary);

    //刪除指定的字典
    [dictionary removeObjectForKey:@"3"];
    NSLog(@"dictionary:%@",dictionary);

    /******************************************************************************
     NSValue（對任何對象進行包裝）
     ****************************************************************************/

    /*--------------------------------將NSRect放入NSArray中 ------------------------------------*/   
    //將NSRect放入NSArray中
    NSMutableArray *array = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
    NSValue *value;
    CGRect rect = CGRectMake(0, 0, 320, 480);   
    value = [NSValue valueWithBytes:&rect objCType:@encode(CGRect)];
    [array addObject:value];
    NSLog(@"array:%@",array);

    //從Array中 提取
    value = [array objectAtIndex:0];
    [value getValue:&rect];
    NSLog(@"value:%@",value);

    /**************************************************************************
     從目錄搜索擴展名為jpg的文件
   *****************************************************************************/

    //NSFileManager *fileManager = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
    NSString *home;
    home = @"../Users/";

    NSDirectoryEnumerator *direnum;
    direnum = [fileManager enumeratorAtPath: home];

    NSMutableArray *files = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];

    //枚舉
    NSString *filename;
    while (filename = [direnum nextObject]) {
        if([[filename pathExtension] hasSuffix:@"jpg"]){
            [files addObject:filename];
        }
    }

    NSString *Path = @"~/NSData.txt";
    NSString *absolutePath = [Path stringByExpandingTildeInPath];
    NSLog(@"absolutePath:%@",absolutePath);
    NSLog(@"Path:%@",[absolutePath stringByAbbreviatingWithTildeInPath]);

    //文件擴展名
    NSString *Path = @"~/NSData.txt";
    NSLog(@"Extension:%@",[Path pathExtension]);

    /***********************************************************************
     NSMutableString
     ***********************************************************************/   

    /*---------------給字符串分配容量----------------*/
    //stringWithCapacity:
    NSMutableString *String;
    String = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity:40];

    /*---------------在已有字符串后面添加字符----------------*/   

    //appendString: and appendFormat:

    NSMutableString *String1 = [[NSMutableString alloc] initWithString:@"This is a NSMutableString"];
    //[String1 appendString:@", I will be adding some character"];
    [String1 appendFormat:[NSString stringWithFormat:@", I will be adding some character"]];
    NSLog(@"String1:%@",String1);
    */

    /*-------- 在已有字符串中按照所給出范圍和長度刪除字符------*/   
    /*
     //deleteCharactersInRange:
     NSMutableString *String1 = [[NSMutableString alloc] initWithString:@"This is a NSMutableString"];
     [String1 deleteCharactersInRange:NSMakeRange(0, 5)];
     NSLog(@"String1:%@",String1);

     /*--------在已有字符串后面在所指定的位置中插入給出的字符串------*/

    //-insertString: atIndex:
    NSMutableString *String1 = [[NSMutableString alloc] initWithString:@"This is a NSMutableString"];
    [String1 insertString:@"Hi! " atIndex:0];
    NSLog(@"String1:%@",String1);

    /*--------將已有的空符串換成其它的字符串------*/

    //-setString:
    NSMutableString *String1 = [[NSMutableString alloc] initWithString:@"This is a NSMutableString"];
    [String1 setString:@"Hello Word!"];
    NSLog(@"String1:%@",String1);

    /*--------按照所給出的范圍，和字符串替換的原有的字符------*/

    //-setString:
    NSMutableString *String1 = [[NSMutableString alloc] initWithString:@"This is a NSMutableString"];
    [String1 replaceCharactersInRange:NSMakeRange(0, 4) withString:@"That"];
    NSLog(@"String1:%@",String1);

    /*-------------判斷字符串內是否還包含別的字符串(前綴，后綴)-------------*/
    //01： 檢查字符串是否以另一個字符串開頭- (BOOL) hasPrefix: (NSString *) aString;
    NSString *String1 = @"NSStringInformation.txt";
    [String1 hasPrefix:@"NSString"] = = 1 ?  NSLog(@"YES") : NSLog(@"NO");
    [String1 hasSuffix:@".txt"] = = 1 ?  NSLog(@"YES") : NSLog(@"NO");

    //02： 查找字符串某處是否包含其它字符串 - (NSRange) rangeOfString: (NSString *) aString，這一點前面在串中搜索子串用到過;

    /**************************************************************************
     NSArray
  ****************************************************************************/

    /*---------------------------創建數組 ------------------------------*/
    //NSArray *array = [[NSArray alloc] initWithObjects:
    @"One",@"Two",@"Three",@"Four",nil];

    self.dataArray = array;
    [array release];

    //- (unsigned) Count;數組所包含對象個數；
    NSLog(@"self.dataArray cound:%d",[self.dataArray count]);

    //- (id) objectAtIndex: (unsigned int) index;獲取指定索引處的對象;
    NSLog(@"self.dataArray cound 2:%@",[self.dataArray objectAtIndex:2]);

    /*-------------------------- 從一個數組拷貝數據到另一數組(可變數級)----------------------------*/   

    //arrayWithArray:
    //NSArray *array1 = [[NSArray alloc] init];
    NSMutableArray *MutableArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
    NSArray *array = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:
                      @"a",@"b",@"c",nil];
    NSLog(@"array:%@",array);
    MutableArray = [NSMutableArray arrayWithArray:array];
    NSLog(@"MutableArray:%@",MutableArray);

    array1 = [NSArray arrayWithArray:array];
    NSLog(@"array1:%@",array1);

    //Copy

    //id obj;
    NSMutableArray *newArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
    NSArray *oldArray = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:
                         @"a",@"b",@"c",@"d",@"e",@"f",@"g",@"h",nil];

    NSLog(@"oldArray:%@",oldArray);
    for(int i = 0; i < [oldArray count]; i++)
    {        
        obj = [[oldArray objectAtIndex:i] copy];
        [newArray addObject: obj];
    }
    //     
    NSLog(@"newArray:%@", newArray);
    [newArray release];

    //快速枚舉

    //NSMutableArray *newArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
    NSArray *oldArray = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:
                         @"a",@"b",@"c",@"d",@"e",@"f",@"g",@"h",nil];   
    NSLog(@"oldArray:%@",oldArray);

    for(id obj in oldArray)
    {
        [newArray addObject: obj];
    }
    //     
    NSLog(@"newArray:%@", newArray);
    [newArray release];   

    //Deep copy

    //NSMutableArray *newArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
    NSArray *oldArray = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:
                         @"a",@"b",@"c",@"d",@"e",@"f",@"g",@"h",nil];   
    NSLog(@"oldArray:%@",oldArray);   
    newArray = (NSMutableArray*)CFPropertyListCreateDeepCopy(kCFAllocatorDefault, (CFPropertyListRef)oldArray, kCFPropertyListMutableContainers);
    NSLog(@"newArray:%@", newArray);
    [newArray release];   

    //Copy and sort

    //NSMutableArray *newArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
    NSArray *oldArray = [NSArray arrayWithObjects: