C++ 標準異常類位于 <exception> 頭文件中，它們繼承自 std::exception 類。std::exception 是一個基類，它為所有標準異常提供了一個公共的接口。以下是 C++ 標準異常類的繼承關系：

class std::exception {
public:
    std::exception() noexcept;
    virtual ~std::exception() noexcept;
    const char* what() const noexcept;
};

class std::runtime_error : public std::exception {
public:
    explicit runtime_error(const std::string& message) noexcept;
    const char* what() const noexcept override;
};

class std::out_of_range : public std::runtime_error {
public:
    explicit out_of_range(const std::string& message) noexcept;
    const char* what() const noexcept override;
};

class std::bad_alloc : public std::runtime_error {
public:
    explicit bad_alloc() noexcept;
    const char* what() const noexcept override;
};

class std::logic_error : public std::exception {
public:
    explicit logic_error(const std::string& message) noexcept;
    const char* what() const noexcept override;
};

class std::domain_error : public std::runtime_error {
public:
    explicit domain_error(const std::string& message) noexcept;
    const char* what() const noexcept override;
};

class std::invalid_argument : public std::runtime_error {
public:
    explicit invalid_argument(const std::string& message) noexcept;
    const char* what() const noexcept override;
};

class std::length_error : public std::runtime_error {
public:
    explicit length_error(const std::string& message) noexcept;
    const char* what() const noexcept override;
};

class std::out_of_range : public std::runtime_error {
public:
    explicit out_of_range(const std::string& message) noexcept;
    const char* what() const noexcept override;
};

這里列出了部分 C++ 標準異常類，它們都是從 std::exception 類繼承而來的。每個異常類都有其特定的用途和構造函數，以便在程序中拋出和捕獲相應的異常。